tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-84173806915264921602024-03-13T07:47:28.512-07:00Fight For LifeFight For Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13885888361675647969noreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8417380691526492160.post-59536443466277710242012-10-31T20:18:00.001-07:002012-10-31T20:22:41.194-07:00<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The best of a book is not the thought which it contains, but the thought which it suggests; just as the charm of music dwells not in the tones but in the echoes of our hearts.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>Fight For Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13885888361675647969noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8417380691526492160.post-44522861733903910412012-10-31T19:41:00.003-07:002012-10-31T19:41:39.830-07:00MY FAVOURITE FILM!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;">One of Disney’s masterwork films is The Lion King. While some may dismiss it as nothing more than a children’s movie, they fail to see that like most fairy tales it contains much deeper themes. It’s a classic bildüngsroman, or coming-of-age story, that describes how a son matures into his father, or how men mature and become more like God.</span><br style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;">The first image in the movie is a rising sun. This is consistent with the theme of “The Circle of Life.” The sun represents a never-deviating pattern of death and rebirth through its daily rising and setting, an eternal constant that embodies the “Circle of Life.” The movie primarily deals with the Scar’s attempt not only to disrupt the entire cycle in his seizure of power, but also the internal cycle of growth in Simba. Only by reclaiming his lost Self can Simba restore balance to the Pride Lands and to himself.</span><br style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;">Scar is quickly characterized as the sinister antagonist. His fur and mane are darker than the other lions’, and he constantly lurks in shadows. He’s cruel to animals, as shown by his tormenting of a mouse which directly contrasts with Mufasa’s admonition to respect all creatures. While all the other lions normally have their claws retracted, Scar’s alone remain constantly drawn. However, his nefarious nature is made demonic in his song “Be Prepared,” where he descends into the underworld of the hyenas and stages his coup. The same eerie green lighting used to depict the Underworld in Hercules is used here, as well as the skeletal dancing and gradual change to red lighting reminiscent of hellfire. The director even makes an allusion to Hitler when the hyenas are marching past him in high-step. All these forms of characterization serve to show the maniacal megalomaniac for what he really is. </span><br style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;">Simba’s education and growth begin by following the normal pattern of father instructing son. Mufasa is the perfect king. His fur is golden while his mane is red, both regal colors. Every step he takes is full of majesty, a noted contrast from the skulking walk Scar has developed. Simba’s maturation will be complete when he is like his father. However, he still has a long way to grow, as illustrated when Simba places his tiny paw into his father’s larger paw print and when juxtaposing Simba’s ineffectual growl with Mufasa’s deep-throated, awe inspiring roar. It is not only a physical growth required, but a spiritual growth as well. As a cub Simba does not understand the role of being a king. “But I thought kings could do whatever they want,” he says. At the end of the movie, Scar paraphrases Simba’s words, showing that he never developed the true wisdom and maturity of a king. “I’m king. I can do whatever I want.”</span><br style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;">Water is a strong motif throughout the work. Scar consistently tries to place Simba in waterless places to kill him. Instead of going to the watering hole, Simba goes to the Elephant Graveyard and is nearly eaten by hyenas. When he goes to the gorge, a place that once held water but no longer does, he is nearly killed by the stampede. At last Simba collapses in a wasteland where the earth is hard and cracked from the arid climate. Water is a symbol of life, a vital component of any creature’s survival. When Scar tries to force Simba away from water, he is in essence trying to force him away from life. After the stampede, the gorge is filled with obscuring dust, akin to the grief that now clouds Simba’s mind. It is through this confusion that Scar is able to manipulate Simba’s emotional state and exile him from the Pride Lands. The thorn brambles Simba passes through could be interpreted as the mental tangle of lies that Scar places him in and remains with him well into his adult life, preventing him from returning and reaching his full potential. The broken tree Mufasa lies under is not only a clue to his lifeless state, but also a breaking of son from father and a break in the normal cycles of life. Mufasa can no longer directly aid Simba in developing. While some may believe that Simba’s initial leave from his kingdom was abandonment, it is in fact a necessary respite so he can seek a new way to strengthen physically and psychically to defeat Scar. If he were to continue to fight Scar without maturing, he would lose.</span><br style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;">Water is also a symbol of change and it provides life by allowing people to change or develop. When Timon and Pumba revive Simba, they do so by splashing him with water. Their home is filled with water that allows a lush jungle to grow. Similarly Simba continues to grow in the sheltered environment the two provide, as well as gain a respect for the other animals as his father had directed. The obvious visible symbols showing his growth is the montage of Simba’s ageing as he crosses the log. The three images shown behind him are first trees, a symbol of constant growth, a waterfall, signifying constant change and finally a full moon, another symbol of change with its constant waxing and waning. However, the moon shown is full, indicating his physical growth is complete.</span><br style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;">Dandelions are a motif used throughout Disney movies. In Beauty and the Beast, Bell sings “I want adventure in the great, wide somewhere” as she releases dandelions into the wind. As though in response, the horse Philippe comes to take her to the Beast’s castle. Similarly in The Lion King, when Simba has outgrown his childhood sanctuary, his discontented sigh and dropping body release dandelion seeds that summon Rafiki. The releasing of dandelion seeds signifies that the protagonist has completed what growth he can accomplish on his own as a child and now needs someone to bring him into the world to complete his maturation. It is his call to the outside world that he is ready to join it.</span><br style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;">The monkey Rafiki serves the role of prophet and spiritual guide to Simba. At the beginning of the movie, Rafiki is the one to anoint Simba, an allusion to the Hebrew prophet Samuel anointing the young David in preparation of his future regal role. The monkey also carries a staff, similar to that of Moses. Just as a prophet leads people to God, Rafiki leads Simba to Mufasa. As Scar earlier entrapped Simba within the brambles of lies, Rafiki guides him back through the branches, back to the living father Mufasa that Simba had left for dead.</span><br style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;">Mufasa has now taken on characteristics of the divine, dwelling in the heavens as a star and looking down on mortals. But as Rafiki reveals, “He lives on in you.” Simba’s inherent royalty and divinity had been forgotten through a combination of Scar’s lies and his own interrupted initiation into adulthood. Again it is through water that Simba is first able to see this inner quality and it allows him to make the final change necessary to complete his psychic development. Mufasa’s only advice to Simba is to remember who he truly is, the son of a king. Similarly, humans must remember that they are sons and daughters of God in order to become more like Him in their own development.</span><br style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;">The next scene shows the sanctuary Timon and Pumba provided the young lion, but now it is enveloped in mist. While Simba required this place as a retreat for growth, he now no longer needs it, and it has receded into misty obscurity. The sun is shown as Simba rushes back to the Pride Lands. The internal cycle that he possessed at birth was then represented by the sun. Now that the break in his psyche that Scar inflicted has been healed, the sun has returned. His own internal cycle is complete once more, and he can now fix the external break that Scar has imposed on the Pride Lands. </span><br style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;">This disruption is clearly shown through pathetic fallacy. When Mufasa reigned, the land was vibrant, but under Scar it has become grey and lifeless. The fire that ignites under Simba does so just before Scar reveals his crimes and later consumes him and the hyenas, for now Scar is no longer veiling his demonic nature from Simba. In addition, or perhaps in tandem, to its symbolic representation of Hell, fire is often used as a symbol of cleansing because it removes impurities. The following rains not only revivify the land, but wash away the bones left by Scar and the hyenas. This dual baptism by fire and water serve as a reconsecrating of the land for good or God.</span><br style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;">Both Scar and Sarabi mistook Simba for his father. It was not only his physical resemblance, but his maturity that makes him appear as Mufasa. He has become like his father and obtained the wisdom of a true king. After Scar’s defeat, Simba walks up the rock face to take his place as king. It’s only now that his steps are filled with the same majesty that accompanied Mufasa’s every movement when the old king ascended the same rise and only now that his roar is as fierce as his father’s.</span><br style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: #fffffa; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-align: start;">Like Simba, humans bare the divine within them. If we shelter this nature and allow it to grow despite the lying and murderous antagonists in our lives, it can blossom into something amazing. By remembering that we are offspring of deity, we can bring this nature forth into the world when it is grown and restore a portion of the world’s paradisiacal glory. That is the true tale of The Lion King.</span></div>
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Fight For Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13885888361675647969noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8417380691526492160.post-64658799456086925342012-10-31T19:26:00.000-07:002012-10-31T19:26:06.898-07:00<br />
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">What is a myth? <o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A myth is a story with a purpose. It tries to explain the way the world
is. Myths also try to explain the relationship between gods and humans. Even though
the events in a myth are usually impossible, they try to send a message that
has an important social or religious meaning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">People have always tried to figure out common questions like who made
the universe or questions like what causes a storm. Religion, gods, and myths
were created when people tried to make sense out of these questions. For early
people myths were like science because they explain how things work. They
also explained other questions that are now answered through modern science.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">What is a legend? </span></u><em><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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</span></em><em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11pt;">Legend</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11pt;">has several related meanings. A legend today may be
someone of noted celebrity, with larger-than-life accomplishments, whose fame
is well-known. Another meaning of legend is a literary<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-genre.htm" style="outline: none;"><span lang="EN-US">genre</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11pt;">. In this capacity, the term<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em style="outline: none;">legend</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is much-abused, used synonymously with<em style="outline: none;">myth</em>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em style="outline: none;">tall tale</em>, and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em style="outline: none;">history</em>. However, it makes more sense to use the term<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em style="outline: none;">legend</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>— as it is, in fact, often used — to
name a type of literature that falls somewhere between<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-myth.htm" style="outline: none;"><span lang="EN-US">myth</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11pt;">, tall tales, and history and that
otherwise has no name.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11pt;">In this sense,
legend differs from myth, if we understand myth to be focused on explaining
natural phenomena, answering questions about why things are the way they are in
the natural world, because legend is focused on individuals and their
accomplishments. Legend also differs from tall tales, which focus on<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-hyperbole.htm" style="outline: none;"><span lang="EN-US">hyperbole</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11pt;">— and therefore humor — and intentionally ascribe
inventions and innovations to a hero to whom they do not belong for the sake of
the story. Finally, legend is separated from history by the fact that its
content, once believed to have been true, turns out to be fictional. The heroes
of legend in this sense, then, are fictional heroes or real people whose
exploits aren’t quite what they’re made out to be, who were either so lifelike
or so admirable that people wished they were real. This description fits the
works and heroes typically associated with the genre.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">What is a
fable? <o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Fable</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">is a literary genre. A fable is a succinct
fictional story, in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose" title="Prose"><span lang="EN-US">prose</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verse_(poetry)" title="Verse (poetry)"><span lang="EN-US">verse</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, that features animals,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythical_creatures" title="Mythical creatures"><span lang="EN-US">mythical creatures</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, plants, inanimate objects or forces of nature
which are<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphized" title="Anthropomorphized"><span lang="EN-US">anthropomorphized</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(given human qualities such as verbal
communication), and that illustrates or leads to an interpretation of a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral" title="Moral"><span lang="EN-US">moral</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">lesson (a
"moral"), which may at the end be added explicitly in a pithy<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_(saying)" title="Maxim (saying)"><span lang="EN-US">maxim</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="citation-needed-content"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #FFF9F9; border: solid #FFDCDC 1.0pt; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-border-alt: solid #FFDCDC .75pt; padding: 0cm;">A fable differs from a</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #FFF9F9; border: solid #FFDCDC 1.0pt; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-border-alt: solid #FFDCDC .75pt; padding: 0cm;"> </span></span><span class="citation-needed-content"><span style="background: #FFF9F9; border: solid #FFDCDC 1.0pt; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-border-alt: solid #FFDCDC .75pt; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable" title="Parable"><span lang="EN-US">parable</span></a></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #FFF9F9; border: solid #FFDCDC 1.0pt; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-border-alt: solid #FFDCDC .75pt; padding: 0cm;"> </span></span><span class="citation-needed-content"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #FFF9F9; border: solid #FFDCDC 1.0pt; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-border-alt: solid #FFDCDC .75pt; padding: 0cm;">in that the latter</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #FFF9F9; border: solid #FFDCDC 1.0pt; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-border-alt: solid #FFDCDC .75pt; padding: 0cm;"> </span></span><span class="citation-needed-content"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #FFF9F9; border: solid #FFDCDC 1.0pt; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-border-alt: solid #FFDCDC .75pt; padding: 0cm;">excludes</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #FFF9F9; border: solid #FFDCDC 1.0pt; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-border-alt: solid #FFDCDC .75pt; padding: 0cm;"> </span></span><span class="citation-needed-content"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #FFF9F9; border: solid #FFDCDC 1.0pt; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-border-alt: solid #FFDCDC .75pt; padding: 0cm;">animals, plants, inanimate objects, and forces of nature as actors that
assume speech and other powers of humankind</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.7pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Usage has not always been
so clearly distinguished. In the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version"><span lang="EN-US">King James Version</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">of the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament"><span lang="EN-US">New Testament</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, "</span><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">μύθος</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">" ("</span><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythos" title="Mythos"><span lang="EN-US">mythos</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">") was rendered by the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation" title="Translation"><span lang="EN-US">translators</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">as
"fable"<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy"><span lang="EN-US">First</span></a></span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy"><span lang="EN-US">Second Timothy</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus" title="Titus"><span lang="EN-US">Titus</span></a></span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">and in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter"><span lang="EN-US">First Peter</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">A person who writes fables
is a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>fabulist</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">What is a fairy tale?<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">A<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>fairy tale</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is a type of short story that
typically features<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore"><span lang="EN-US">folkloric</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy"><span lang="EN-US">fantasy</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">characters, such as<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy"><span lang="EN-US">fairies</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin"><span lang="EN-US">goblins</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf" title="Elf"><span lang="EN-US">elves</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll" title="Troll"><span lang="EN-US">trolls</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_(Germanic_mythology)" title="Dwarf (Germanic mythology)"><span lang="EN-US">dwarves</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_(mythology)" title="Giant (mythology)"><span lang="EN-US">giants</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid"><span lang="EN-US">mermaids</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome"><span lang="EN-US">gnomes</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, and usually<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" title="Magic (paranormal)"><span lang="EN-US">magic</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation"><span lang="EN-US">enchantments</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">. However, only a small number of the stories
refer to fairies. The stories may nonetheless be distinguished from other folk
narratives such as<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend" title="Legend"><span lang="EN-US">legends</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(which
generally involve belief in the veracity of the events described) and
explicitly moral tales, including beast fables.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.7pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">In less technical contexts,
the term is also used to describe something blessed with unusual happiness, as
in "fairy tale ending" (a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_ending" title="Happy ending"><span lang="EN-US">happy ending</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">)<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>or
"fairy tale<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)"><span lang="EN-US">romance</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">" (though not all fairy tales end happily). Colloquially, a
"fairy tale" or "fairy story" can also mean any farfetched
story or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall_tale" title="Tall tale"><span lang="EN-US">tall tale</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">; it's used especially of any story that not
only isn't true, but couldn't possibly be true.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">In cultures where<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon" title="Demon"><span lang="EN-US">demons</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft"><span lang="EN-US">witches</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">are
perceived as real, fairy tales may merge into<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend" title="Legend"><span lang="EN-US">legends</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, where the narrative is perceived both by
teller and hearers as being grounded in historical truth. However, unlike<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend" title="Legend"><span lang="EN-US">legends</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poems" title="Epic poems"><span lang="EN-US">epics</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, they usually do not contain more than
superficial references to<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion"><span lang="EN-US">religion</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">and
actual places, people, and events; they take place<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_upon_a_time" title="Once upon a time"><span lang="EN-US">once upon a time</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">rather
than in actual times. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Fairy tales are found in
oral and in literary form. The history of the fairy tale is particularly
difficult to trace because only the literary forms can survive. Still, the
evidence of literary works at least indicates that fairy tales have existed for
thousands of years, although not perhaps recognized as a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre" title="Genre"><span lang="EN-US">genre</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">; the name "fairy tale" was first
ascribed to them by<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_d%27Aulnoy" title="Madame d'Aulnoy"><span lang="EN-US">Madame d'Aulnoy</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">in the late 17th century. Many of today's fairy
tales have evolved from centuries-old stories that have appeared, with
variations, in multiple cultures around the world.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Fairy tales, and works derived from
fairy tales, are still written today.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The older fairy tales were
intended for an audience of adults, as well as children, but they were
associated with children as early as the writings of the </span><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cieuses" title="Précieuses"><span lang="EN-US">précieuses</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">; the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm"><span lang="EN-US">Brothers Grimm</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">titled their collection<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_and_Household_Tales" title="Children's and Household Tales"><span lang="EN-US">Children's and Household Tales</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, and the link with children has only grown
stronger with time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Folklorists have classified
fairy tales in various ways. The<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarne-Thompson_classification_system" title="Aarne-Thompson classification system"><span lang="EN-US">Aarne-Thompson classification system</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">and the
morphological analysis of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Propp" title="Vladimir Propp"><span lang="EN-US">Vladimir Propp</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">are among the most notable. Other folklorists
have interpreted the tales' significance, but no school has been definitively
established for the meaning of the tales.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uxjsAaBd3as/UJHde3muUHI/AAAAAAAAADw/WRcuCdNv9IQ/s1600/fairytale.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uxjsAaBd3as/UJHde3muUHI/AAAAAAAAADw/WRcuCdNv9IQ/s320/fairytale.jpg" width="305" /></a></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tall tales:<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">A<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>tall tale</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is a story with unbelievable elements,
related as if it were true and factual. Some such stories are<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration"><span lang="EN-US">exaggerations</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">of actual
events, for example<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fish_story" title="wikt:fish story"><span lang="EN-US">fish stories</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">('the fish that got away') such as, "that
fish was so big, why I tell ya', it nearly sank the boat when I pulled it
in!" Other tall tales are completely fictional tales set in a familiar
setting, such as the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_countryside&action=edit&redlink=1" title="European countryside (page does not exist)"><span lang="EN-US">European countryside</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, the</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Old_West" title="American Old West"><span lang="EN-US">American Old West</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Northwest&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Canadian Northwest (page does not exist)"><span lang="EN-US">Canadian Northwest</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, or the beginning of the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution"><span lang="EN-US">Industrial Revolution</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Tall tales are often told
so as to make the narrator seem to have been a part of the story. They are
usually<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor"><span lang="EN-US">humorous</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">or
good-natured. The line between myth and tall tale is distinguished primarily by
age; many myths exaggerate the exploits of their heroes, but in tall tales the
exaggeration looms large, to the extent of becoming the whole of the story.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MHXe4xaItsw/UJHdk71VM6I/AAAAAAAAAD4/SeGFp08jdjk/s1600/Tall+Tales+of+the+Wild+West-thumb-200x268-6680.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MHXe4xaItsw/UJHdk71VM6I/AAAAAAAAAD4/SeGFp08jdjk/s1600/Tall+Tales+of+the+Wild+West-thumb-200x268-6680.jpg" /></a></div>
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Fight For Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13885888361675647969noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8417380691526492160.post-49606342019537811822012-10-31T19:00:00.003-07:002012-10-31T19:00:54.388-07:00Tales around the world...<br />
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">What is a Folk Tale?</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">A folk
tale is a story or legend handed down from generation to generation usually by
oral retelling. Folk tales often explain something that happens in nature or
convey a certain truth about life.<b><i><u> </u></i></b>A folktale is a
story or legend forming part of an oral tradition. Folktales possess many or
all of the characteristics listed below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">The beginning of the story starts with "Once upon a time . . . </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">" or a similar phrase.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Magic events, characters, and objects are part of the story<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">One character is someone of royalty (king, queen, prince, princess,
etc.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">One
character is wicked.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">One
character is good.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Goodness is rewarded in the story.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Certain numbers like three and seven are in the story (three eggs, seven
sisters, etc.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">The story ends with ". . . they lived happily ever
after." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">African Tales:<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">In the African folk tales, the stories reflect the culture where animals
abound; consequently, the monkey, elephant, giraffe, lion, zebra, crocodile,
and rhinoceros appear frequently along with a wide variety of birds such as the
ostrich, the secretary bird, and the eagle. The animals and birds take on human
characteristics of greed, jealousy, honesty, loneliness, etc. Through their
behavior, many valuable lessons are learned. Also, the surroundings in which
the tales take place reveal the vastness of the land and educate the reader
about the climate, such as the dry season when it hasn't rained for several
years, or the rainy season when the hills are slick with mud. The acacia trees
swaying in a gentle breeze, muddy streams that are home to fish, hippos and
crocodiles, moss covered rocks, and giant ant hills that serve as a "back
scratcher" for huge elephants, give the reader a sense of the variety of
life in this parched or lush land in this part of the world.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Latinamerican Tales:</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />
<br />
</span></u><b><i><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Latinamerican tales:</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Are generally part of the oral tradition of a group.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Are more frequently told than read<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Are passed down from one generation to another<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Take on the characteristics of the time and place in which they are told<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Sometimes take on the personality of the storyteller<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Speak to universal and timeless themes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Try to make sense of our existence, help humans cope with the world in
which they live, or explain the origin of something.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Are often about the common person<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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contain supernatural elements<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Function to validate certain aspects of culture<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: #FFF1E4; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Some Latinamerican tales are: "The coyote and the rabbit"</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"> <span style="background: #FFF1E4;">and</span> <span style="background: #FFF1E4;">"The
jaguar and the little skunk"</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Asian tales:</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">This
tales are told in their local dialects (Japanese folktales for example) which
may be difficult to understand because of intonation and pronunciations
differences, conjugations and vocabulary.<br />
The animals or creatures are known by their abilities, foxes are
mentioned frequently for instance. Another characteristic that these tales
contain is marriages between humans and non-humans.<br />
The Asian tales allow children to experience the culture and heritage or
tradition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Some
examples of Asian tales are: "The jade emperor and the four dragons"
and "Chasing the monk's shadow "<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Australian tales:</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Australia
traditional storytelling</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">, handed down from generation to generation, has always been part of the
landscape. Since the beginning of time (the </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreaming_%28spirituality%29" title="Dreaming (spirituality)"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dreaming</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">)
storytelling played a vital role in Australian </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aborigines" title="Australian Aborigines"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Aboriginal</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"> culture,
one of the world’s oldest cultures. Aboriginal children were told stories from
a very early age; stories that helped them understand the air, the land, the
universe, their people, their culture and their history. Elders told stories of
their journeys and their accomplishments. As the children grew into adults they
took on the responsibility of passing on the stories. These stories are as much
a cultural necessity as they are entertainment and are still passed on orally
though many are now recorded in print, audio and video. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Some
examples of Australian tales are: .<a href="http://worldoftales.com/Australian_folktales/Australian_folktale_2.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">"The
Galah, and Oolah the lizard",</span></a> "</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://worldoftales.com/Australian_folktales/Australian_folktale_3.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bahloo the moon and the daens".</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Fight For Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13885888361675647969noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8417380691526492160.post-15855384787837763692012-10-31T18:46:00.001-07:002012-10-31T18:46:35.137-07:00"A famous fairy tale analyzed by Propp's taxonomy" <br />
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-4789274584485988390" itemprop="description articleBody" style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">
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<span style="background-color: white;">" Cinderella or The Little Glass Slipper"</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">By Charles Perrault</span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #993399;"></span><br /><span style="color: #993399;"></span><br /><span style="color: #993399;">Absentation: </span>Cinderella's mother abandones her when she is a little child.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;">Interdiction: </span>When Cinderella's godmother commands her not to stay past midnight, telling her at the same time, that if she stays one moment longer, the couch would be a pumpkin again, her clothes and each animal used for going at the ball would become just as they were before.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;">Violation of interdiction: </span>As Cinderella enjoys dacing with the King's son, she does not realize what time it is. She thinks that it is eleven o'clock. Suddenly, the clock strikes twelve so she jumps up and fleeds as nimble as a deer.<br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;"></span><br /><span style="color: #993399;">Reconnaissance: </span>After Cinderella’s mother dies, her father marries another woman with her own daughter. This is the first time Cinderella meets them. Her wicked stepmother has a strong power over the heroine’s father, so that she can control him.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;">Trickery: </span>The stepsisters promise Cinderella to go to the ball if she helps them to choose the suitable clothes for the party, the hairstyle and the kind of jewels they are going to wear and so on. Cinderella manages to do whatever stepsisters want to. Few minutes later, stepsisters ask Cinderella if she would like to come with them and she accepts it. However, stepsisters tell her that she is not so elegant to go to such a place and people would laugh at her.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;">Complicity: </span>Cinderella acts in a way that the evil stepmother and the wicked stepsisters take advantage of her shyness and force her to work hard, do difficult tasks and also deceive the prince when he gets their house to find the owner of the glass slipper.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;">Villiany and lack:</span> The stepmother governes Cinderella’s father and he never protects her or defends her against his wife. She also causes harm over Cinderella because she suffers a lot.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;">Mediation: </span>Cinderella realizes how things really are. She is conscious of her wicked stepsisters and stepmother’s performance.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;">Counter-action: </span>The prince begins to try the glass slipper on the princesses, then the duchesses and all the court, but in vain. Then, the two Cinderella's stepsisters appears, who do all they possibly can to force their foot into the slipper, but they do not succeed. As Cinderella sees all this, and knows that it is her slipper, she asks for the prince to put it on her foot and it fits her perfectly well. Her stepsisters are astonished, then Cinderella pulls out of her pocket the other slipper and puts it on her other foot.<br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;"></span><br /><span style="color: #993399;">Departure: </span>The heroine leaves the ball before midnight because she is afraid that the magic disappears.<br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;"></span><br /><span style="color: #993399;">Test:</span> The fairy godmother (donor) helps Cinderella to fulfill her dream, providing her a beautiful dress, a pair of glass slippers, jewels, a carriage to go to the party by turning a pumpkin into a coach, a rat into a coachman, lizard into footmen and mice into horses. Besides, her godmother commands Cinderella not to stay past midnight.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;">Reaction of the hero: </span>Cinderella promises to come back before midnight though she fails and forgets about it so she has to rush.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;">Magical gift:</span> Cinderella's godmother gives her a pair of glass slippers, which will help her to be recognized by the prince.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;">Brand situation</span>: Cinderella suffers a lot because of her stepmother and stepsisters who make her sleep in a sorry garret, on a wretched straw bed. Her stepmother employs Cinderella in the meanest work of the house and also leaves her at home while the ball is taking place.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;">Victory: <span style="color: #333333;">Cinderella's stepmother and stepsisters throw themselves at her feet to beg pardon for all ill treatment they make her. Finally, </span><span style="color: #333333;">Cinderella defeats them since she gets married to the prince and both live happily in the palace. </span></span><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #993399;">Initial misfortune is solved:</span> In spite of having many obstacles, Cinderella manges to attend to the royal festival and meets the prince who marries her lately.</span></span><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #993399;">Return:</span> Cinderella comes back home after the ball and nobody suspects about her performance.</span></span><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;">Rescue: <span style="color: #333333;">Cinderella is given a beautiful dress and glass slippers to go to the ball. this helps the prince to know who belongs to.</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #993399;"></span></span></span><br /><span style="color: #993399;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #993399;">Unrecognized:</span> </span><span style="color: #333333;">When Cinderella arrives at the ball, everyone stops dancing, and the violins cease to play. As she is beautifully dressed, nobody is able to recognize her.</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;"></span><br /><span style="color: #993399;">False hero: <span style="color: #333333;">Cinderella's stepsisters do all they possibly can to force their foot into the slipper, but they do not succeed.</span></span><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #993399;">Difficult task:</span> </span><span style="color: #333333;">When Cinderella asks her stepmother to go to the ball , the woman says she will go if she helps her as well as her stepsisters to decide on what kind of clothes, jewels and the hairstyle they should wear for the party. As she manages to do all perfectly well, she begins to prepare for the occassion, but her stepmother tells Cinderella that she can't go because she doesn't belong to the upper class as they do and people will laugh at her, too. When they leave, she starts to cry. </span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #993399;"></span></span></span><br /><span style="color: #993399;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="color: #993399;">Solved task</span></span><span style="color: #333333;">: As Cinderella's godmother sees her all in tears, she asks her what her trouble is. Cinderella explains to her that she wants to go to the ball, but she doesn't have suitable clothes for it. So her godmother fulfills her desire doing some magic. </span></span>Few minutes later, Cinderella is the prettiest woman in the world.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;">Recognition: </span>As Cinderella knows that she is the owner of the glass slipper, she tells the prince that he should try on her foot. The prince is astonished, however, he puts the glass slipper on her foot and it fits her very easily.<br />Then, her godmother comes in and touches her wand to Cinderella's clothes, making them richer and more significant than before. The prince recognizes her immidiately. She leaves with him dressed like an ordinary girl for he thinks she looks more charming. A few days later, they get married.<br /><br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #993399;">Unmask conspiracy: <span style="color: #333333;">Both stepsisters are exposed and reported by two great lords of the court.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /><span style="color: #993399;">New appearance: <span style="color: #333333;">Cinderella changes her look when attending to the royal festival, so that nobody is able to recognize her neither Her stepmother nor her stepsisters. They get astonished because of her beauty but they never imagine Cinderella is that pretty woman.</span></span><br /><br /><br /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #993399;">Punishment: <span style="color: #333333;">There is not any punishment in Perrault's story, but</span><span style="color: #333333;">Cinderella forgives</span> </span>her stepsisters with all her heart, and she also tells them that she wants to love her for ever.<br /><br /><span style="color: #993399;"></span><br /><span style="color: #993399;">Wedding at last: </span>As Cinderella is the owner of the glass slipper, the pince announces her that he falls in love with her. Immidiately, he proposes her marriage and she accepts it. Thus, Cinderella gains the throne.<br /><br /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #993399;">Vladimir Propp also includes seven kinds of characters in fairy tales:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #993399;">The villian: </span>Cinderella's stepmother mistreats her and forces her to do hard work all the time.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #993399;">The donor:</span> The fairy godmother gives Cinderella a beautiful dress, a pair of glass slippers, jewels, as well as the carriage to get to the palace.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #993399;">The magical helper:</span> The fairy godmother appears whenever she needs her.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #993399;">The princess and her father: </span>Cinderella is the one who marries the prince.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #993399;">The dispatcher: </span>There is not any dispatcher in Perrault's version. The prince announces that he wants to find out who the glass slipper belongs to. He goes at the palace where he tries the glass slipper on every person who meets by chance. Suddenly, Cinderella's stepsisters appear and try to put it on their foot but it does not fit them. As Cinderella sees all this, she closes to the prince and tells him that he should try the glass slipper on her foot. The prince is surprised but he does it and it fits perfectly well.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #993399;">The hero or victim/seeker hero: <span style="color: #333333;">In the end,</span> </span>Cinderella weds the prince.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #993399;">False hero: </span>Cinderella's stepsisters do all they can to force their foot into the slipper for they want to marry the prince, but they do not succeed.</span><br />
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Fight For Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13885888361675647969noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8417380691526492160.post-29268105202975745832012-10-30T20:59:00.000-07:002012-10-31T19:32:37.422-07:00How did all these people contribute to the analysis of Literature for children?<br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><u>Vladimir Prop</u>p was born on April 17, 1895 in St. Petersburg to a German
family. He attended St. Petersburg University (1913–1918) majoring in Russian
and German</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology" title="Philology"><span lang="EN-US">philology</span></a><u><sup><span lang="EN-US">.</span></sup></u><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Upon graduation
he taught</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language"><span lang="EN-US">Russian</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">and</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language"><span lang="EN-US">German</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">at a secondary
school and then became a college teacher of German.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">His</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><b><i><span lang="EN-US">Morphology of the Folktale</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">was published
in Russian in 1928. Although it represented a breakthrough in both</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloristics" title="Folkloristics"><span lang="EN-US">folkloristics</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">and</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(folkloristics)" title="Morphology (folkloristics)"><span lang="EN-US">morphology</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">and influenced</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss"><span lang="EN-US">Claude Lévi-Strauss</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">and</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes"><span lang="EN-US">Roland Barthes</span></a><span lang="EN-US">, it was
generally unnoticed in the West until it was translated in 1958. His character
types are used in media education and can be applied to almost any story, be it
in literature, theatre, film, television series, games, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">In 1932, Propp became a member of</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_University" title="Leningrad University"><span lang="EN-US">Leningrad University</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(formerly St.
Petersburg University) faculty. After 1938, he shifted the focus of his
research from linguistics to folklore. He chaired the Department of Folklore
until it became part of the Department of Russian Literature. </span>Propp remained a
faculty member until his death in 1970.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Vladimir Propp broke up fairy tales into sections. Through these
sections he was able to define the tale into a series of sequences that
occurred within the Russian fairytale. Usually there is an initial situation,
after which the tale usually takes the following 31 functions. Vladimir Propp
used this method to decipher Russian folklore and fairy tales. First of all,
there seem to be at least two distinct types of structural analysis in
folklore. One is the type of which Propp's Morphology is the exemplar par
excellence. In this type, the structure or formal organization of a
folkloristic text is described following the chronological order of the linear
sequence of elements in the text as reported from an informant. Thus if a tale
consists of elements A to Z, the structure of the tale is delineated in terms
of this same sequence. Following Lévi-Strauss (1964: 312), this linear
sequential structural analysis we might term "syntagmatic" structural
analysis, borrowing from the notion of syntax in the study of language (cf.
Greimas 1966a:404). The other type of structural analysis in folklore seeks to
describe the pattern (usually based upon an a priori binary principle of
opposition) which allegedly underlies the folkloristic text. This pattern is
not the same as the sequential structure at all. Rather the elements are taken
out of the "given" order and are regrouped in one or more analytic
schemas. Patterns or organization in this second type of structural analysis
might be termed "paradigmatic" (cf. Sebag 1963:75), borrowing from
the notion of paradigms in the study of language.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 14.7pt;">Respectively equivalent to syntagmatic and paradigmatic are the terms
"diachronic" and "synchronic." Diachronic is the analysis
that gives the reader a sense of "going through" the highs and lows
of a story, much like the pattern of a sine wave. The second term, synchronic,
is where the story is taken in all at one time, like in the pattern of a
circle. Most literary analyses are synchronic, offering a greater sense of
unity among the components of a story. Although both structural analyses convey
partial information about the story, each angle of analysis delivers a
different set of information.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><strong style="line-height: 14.7pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><u>Maria Tatar</u></span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space" style="line-height: 14.7pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><u> </u></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">is the John L. Loeb
Professor of Germanic Languages and Literatures. She chairs the Program in
Folklore and Mythology at Harvard University. She is the author of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em>Enchanted Hunters: The Power
of Stories in Childhood, Off with Their Heads! Fairy Tales and the Culture of
Childhood</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> and many other books on folklore and
fairy stories. She is also the editor and translator of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em>The Annotated Hans Christian
Andersen</em>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>The Annotated Brothers Grimm</em>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>The Annotated Classic Fairy
Tales</em>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>The Annotated Peter Pan</em>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>The Classic Fairy Tales: A
Norton Critical Edition</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em>The Grimm Reader</em>. <span style="line-height: 115%;">She lives in
Cambridge, </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><strong>
</strong></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><u><span lang="EN-US">Bruno
Bettelheim</span></u><span lang="EN-US"> was born in
Vienna on August 28, 1903, and died on March 13, 1990, in Silver Spring,
Maryland.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">The son of a
wood merchant from the assimilated Jewish middle class, Bettelheim had to give
up his studies when his father died of</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/syphilis"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">syphilis</span></a><span lang="EN-US">. He was
twenty-three and remained scarred by his father's "</span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/shameful"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">shameful</span></a><span lang="EN-US">" death.
He returned to his studies in philosophy ten years later and in February 1938
was one of the last Jews to earn a doctorate at the University of Vienna before
the</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/anschluss"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Anschluss</span></a><span lang="EN-US">. His thesis
was entitled "The Problem of Beauty in Nature and Modern Esthetics"
and was supervised by the famed Karl Bühler, director of the Institute of
Psychology and a pioneer of</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US">Sprachtheorie</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(theory of
language).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">In 1930
Bettelheim had married a</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/schoolteacher"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">schoolteacher</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">who was a
disciple of Anna Freud, but he was unhappy. He saw reflected in his wife's eyes
the ugliness that had obsessed him since he first saw it in his mother's eyes.
In 1936 he entered analysis with Richard Sterba, then secretary of the Vienna
Society and the only non-Jew on its Committee. At the time of the Anschluss,
Sterba abruptly abandoned all his patients, preferring exile to the risk of
being called upon by the Nazis to rid the society of Jews.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">When
Bettelheim was arrested by the Gestapo on May 29, 1938, he was thus in the
midst of his analysis. The ten and a half months he spent in Dachau, and later
in</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/buchenwald"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Buchenwald</span></a><span lang="EN-US">, had a decisive
influence on him. To escape madness, he studied the effects of the camps on the
other prisoners, the prison guards, and himself. Whenever he could, he shared
his observations with Paul Federn's son Ernst.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Bettelheim
was liberated on April 14, 1939, and arrived in the United States three weeks
later. He had lost everything. His wife left him. His first job was to devise a
test for evaluating knowledge in the plastic arts that is still in use today.
Between 1941 and 1944 he taught art history, German literature, and psychology.
Above all, he sought to publish the article on the concentration camps that he
had been working on since his release.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Rejected
several times on the grounds that it was nonobjective or
"anti-German," the article finally appeared in October 1943 in the
journal of the Harvard psychology laboratory. "Individual and Mass
Behavior in Extreme Situations" is a study of the deportees that makes
particular use of Anna Freud's concept of "identification with the</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/aggressor"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">aggressor</span></a><span lang="EN-US">." In
1945, General Eisenhower had the article distributed to American officers in
Europe, who were ill-prepared for the opening of the concentration camps.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">In 1960
Bettelheim returned to this text in</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US">The Informed
Heart: Autonomy in a Mass Age</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, the first book in which he made a connection
between his experiences in the camps and the Freudian-inspired "milieu
therapy" he established at the University of Chicago's Orthogenic School,
of which he became director in 1944. This connection can be summarized as
follows: Having witnessed mentally sound people go insane because of the
effects of the camps, Bettelheim attempted to</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/remedy"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">remedy</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">the problems
of severely disturbed children by creating an environment that was totally
responsive to their needs and symptoms. This approach remained Bettelheim's
trademark and established the reputation of his school worldwide.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">In 1973
Bettelheim retired to California. He conducted seminars, supervised therapists
in training, wrote, and was a sought-after lecturer. In 1984, the death of his
second wife, who was also from Vienna and had borne him three children, plunged
him into a deep depression that he struggled against for another six years,
pursuing his activities despite health problems. After the publication of</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US">Freud</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">'<i>s Vienna
and Other Essays</i></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">in January 1990, he moved to a retirement home near
Washington, D.C. Two months later, he committed suicide by ingesting</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/barbiturate"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">barbiturates</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">and, to
ensure that he would not be "saved," putting a plastic bag over his
head. Fifty-two years earlier, on the same night, the Nazis had entered Austria
to the</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/cheers"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">cheers</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">of a crowd
shouting "Death to the Jews."<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Bettelheim
was a good</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/storyteller"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">storyteller</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">and
popularizer of Freud's ideas, and his books sold very successfully. He
recounted his clinical experience in three books about the Orthogenic School,</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US">Love Is Not
Enough: A Treatment of Emotionally Disturbed Children</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1950),</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US">Truants from
Life</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1955), and</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US">A Home for
the Heart</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1974), and in</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US">The Empty
Fortress</span></i><span lang="EN-US">(1967), which
studies three cases of</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/autism"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">autism</span></a><span lang="EN-US">. With regard
to theory, he was a</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/maverick"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">maverick</span></a><span lang="EN-US">. He initially conceived of his school as
"putting Freud's concepts into action." He then distanced himself
from Freud to</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/flirt"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">flirt</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">with
culturalism in</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US">Symbolic Wounds: Puberty Rites and the Envious Male</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1954). After
moving closer to the ego psychology that predominated at the Chicago Institute
headed by Franz Alexander (<i>The Informed Heart</i>), he returned to Freud by
way of the self-psychology advocated by his friend Heinz Kohut (<i>The Empty
Fortress</i>), and he ended up writing a long</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/polemical"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">polemical</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">essay
denouncing the ways in which Freud had been betrayed by his English translator,
James Strachey (<i>Freud and Man</i>'<i>s Soul</i>, 1983). A careful reading of</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US">Surviving and
Other Essays</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1979), a collection of Bettelheim's writings on
Nazism, gives a</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/glimpse"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">glimpse</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">of the
painful self-analysis by which he continued, first in the camps and then for
the rest of his life, the work that had been interrupted by the Anschluss.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span lang="EN-US">The Uses of
Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1976), a
study of the role of fairy tales on the development of the unconscious, is
Bettelheim's best-selling book. He also wrote a book on education in the
kibbutzim,</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US">The Children of the Dream</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1969), and
many other works on children's education (<i>Dialogues with Mothers</i>, 1962;<i>A
Good Enough Parent</i>, 1987; and numerous articles).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Bettelheim's
suicide was immediately followed by a furious scandal, with former patients and
students denouncing him as a</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/liar"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">liar</span></a><span lang="EN-US">, a</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/brute"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">brute</span></a><span lang="EN-US">, and a</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/despot"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">despot</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">who was all
the more</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/hypocritical"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">hypocritical</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">because he
had preached respect for children. Beyond what it reveals about the confusion
ensuing from the suicide of such a man, this scandal is interesting because it
goes to the heart of Bettelheim's clinical genius: an almost</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/infallible"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">infallible</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">intuition
about what causes a child to suffer and the ability to confront his patient's
most destructive impulses. He often compared his role to that of a lightning
rod, attracting lightning and thus proving that it had not killed anyone—not
even him.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Too often
catalogued as a specialist in autism, Bettelheim was above all a master teacher
who continually succeeded in getting the therapists under his supervision and
the educators in his school to recognize the part of themselves that was put at
risk by their patients' madness. That said, his depictions of the most
disturbed students in his school, including some autistic patients, were so</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/vivid"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">vivid</span></a><span lang="EN-US">, so focused
on what these children were doing—and not on their deficiencies, as was common
practice—that his work had a decisive influence on the way young</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/psychotic"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">psychotic</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">patients are
treated in psychiatric hospitals around the world.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 11.5pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 11.5pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 11.5pt;">Bibliography</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Bettelheim,
Bruno. (1960).</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US">The informed heart: Autonomy in a mass age</span></i><span lang="EN-US">. New York:
Alfred A. Knopf.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">——. (1990).</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US">Freud</span></i><span lang="EN-US">'<i>s Vienna
and other essays</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Bettelheim,
Bruno, and Karlin, Daniel. </span>(1975). <i>Un autre regard sur la folie</i>. <span lang="EN-US">Paris: Stock.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Jurgenson,
Geneviève. (1973).</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US">La Folie des autres</span></i><span lang="EN-US">. Paris: Robert Laffont.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Pollak,
Richard. (1997).</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US">The creation of Dr. B.: A biography of Bruno
Bettelheim</span></i><span lang="EN-US">. New York:
Simon and Schuster.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Raines,
Theron. (2002).</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US">Rising to the light: A portrait of Bruno Bettelheim.</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">New York:
Alfred A. Knopf.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Sutton, Nina.
(1995).</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US">Bruno Bettelheim: The other side of madness</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(David Sharp,
Trans.). London: Duckworth.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.7pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><u>Kieran
Egan</u></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">(born
1942) is a contemporary<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_philosopher" title="Educational philosopher"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">educational
philosopher</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">and
a student of the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classics" title="Classics"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">classics</span></a><span lang="EN-US">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">anthropology</span></a><span lang="EN-US">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">cognitive
psychology</span></a><span lang="EN-US">, and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">cultural history</span></a><span lang="EN-US">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>He has
written on issues in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education" title="Education"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">education</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">child development</span></a><span lang="EN-US">, with an emphasis on the uses of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">imagination</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">and the intellectual stages (Egan calls them<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Educated_Mind" title="The Educated Mind"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">understandings</span></a><span lang="EN-US">) that occur during a person’s intellectual
development. He has questioned the work of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Jean Piaget</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">progressive</span></a><span lang="EN-US">educators, notably<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Herbert Spencer</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">John Dewey</span></a><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 14.7pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US">He currently works at<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University" title="Simon Fraser University"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Simon Fraser
University</span></a><span lang="EN-US">. </span>His major
work is<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Educated_Mind" title="The Educated Mind"><span style="text-decoration: none;">The Educated
Mind</span></a></i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">Egan was born in 1942 in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonmel" title="Clonmel"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%;">Clonmel</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%;">Ireland</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">, though; he was
raised and educated in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%;">England</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">. He graduated from
the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%;">University of London</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">with a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%;">Bachelor of Arts</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">degree in 1966. He subsequently worked as a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_fellow" title="Research fellow"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%;">research fellow</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">at the Institute for Comparative Studies in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%;">Kingston upon Thames</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">. He then moved to the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%;">United States</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">and began a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D" title="Ph.D"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%;">Ph.D</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">in the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%;">philosophy of education</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">at the</span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Education" title="Stanford University School of Education"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%;">Stanford University School of Education</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">. <span style="line-height: 115%;">Egan
completed his Ph.D at<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 115%;">Cornell University</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">in 1972.</span></span></span> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Fight For Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13885888361675647969noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8417380691526492160.post-76843841602592278252012-10-30T20:43:00.005-07:002012-10-30T20:43:58.237-07:00Brothers Grimm<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: 14.7pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Brothers
Grimm</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">German</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span xml:lang="de"><i><span lang="DE" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Brüder Grimm</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Die Gebrüder Grimm</i>),<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Jacob</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">(1785–1863)
and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Wilhelm Grimm</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">(1786–1859),
were Germanic academics,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">linguists</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">, cultural researchers, and
authors who together collected<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">folklore</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. They are among the most
well-known storytellers of European<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_tale" title="Folk tale"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">folk tales</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">, and their work popularized such
stories as "</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella" title="Cinderella"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Cinderella</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">" (<i>Aschenputtel</i>), "</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frog_Prince_(story)" title="The Frog Prince (story)"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">The Frog Prince</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">" (<i>Der Froschkönig</i>), "</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel" title="Hansel and Gretel"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Hansel and Gretel</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">" (<i>Hänsel und Gretel</i>),
"</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel" title="Rapunzel"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Rapunzel</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">", "</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin" title="Rumpelstiltskin"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Rumpelstiltskin</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">" (<i>Rumpelstilzchen</i>),
and "</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White" title="Snow White"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Snow White</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">" (<i>Schneewittchen</i>).
Their first collection of folk tales,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Children's and Household </span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Tales</span></a></span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">(<i>Kinder-
und Hausmärchen</i>), was published in 1812.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.7pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The brothers spent
their formative years first in the German town of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Hanau</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">and
then in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinau_an_der_Stra%C3%9Fe" title="Steinau an der Straße"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Steinau</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. Their father's death in 1796, about a decade into their lives, caused
great poverty for the family and affected the brothers for many years. They
attended the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">University of Marburg</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">where historian and jurist<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Friedrich von Savigny</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">spurred their interest in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology" title="Philology"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">philology</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_studies" title="Germanic studies"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Germanic studies</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">—a field in which they are now
considered pioneers—and at the same time developed a curiosity for folklore,
which grew into a lifelong dedication to collecting German folk tales.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.7pt; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The rise of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">romanticism</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">in
the 19th century revived interest in traditional folk stories, which to the
Grimm brothers represented a pure form of national literature and culture. With
the goal of researching a scholarly treatise on folk tales, the brothers
established a methodology for collecting and recording folk stories that became
the basis for<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">folklore
studies</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">.
Between 1812 and 1857 their first collection was revised and published many
times, and grew from 86 stories to more than 200. In addition to writing and
modifying folk tales, the brothers wrote collections of well-respected German
and Scandinavian mythologies and in 1808 wrote a definitive German dictionary (</span><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Deutsches Wörterbuch"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Deutsches Wörterbuch</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">) that remained incomplete in
their lifetime.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The popularity of the
Grimms' collected folk tales endured well beyond their lifetimes. The tales are
available in more than 100 translations and have been adapted to popular<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Disney</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">films
such as<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_(1959_film)" title="Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Sleeping Beauty</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">, and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(1950_film)" title="Cinderella (1950 film)"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Cinderella</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. In the mid-20th century the tales were used as propaganda by the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Reich" title="Third Reich"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Third Reich</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">; later in the 20th century
psychologists such as<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim">Bruno
Bettelheim</a> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">reaffirmed the value of the work, in spite of the cruelty and violence
in the original versions of some of the tales that were sanitized.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Fight For Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13885888361675647969noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8417380691526492160.post-37708236521708937732012-10-30T20:39:00.000-07:002012-10-30T20:39:03.448-07:00<br />
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Hans Christian Andersen: <i style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A Great Life in Brief</i> recreates and celebrates the life of a teller of tales born 150 years earlier. Although it is but one of innumerable Andersen biographies, Godden's work is distinctive, uncommonly readable, and inviting. As a writer of fiction, Godden brings her seasoned storytellers craft to the task of rendering sensitively, but not sentimentally, a rich account of Hans, the mercurial man and his matchless work. The familiar facts of Andersen's life find expression in his tales, and Godden fuses fact and fiction beautifully in this book.</div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23.78333282470703px;">...</span><div class="" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23.78333282470703px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<em style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Source: </em>Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults<em style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, ©1999 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved</em></div>
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Fight For Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13885888361675647969noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8417380691526492160.post-57185847040775995902012-10-30T20:30:00.004-07:002012-10-30T20:30:47.325-07:00Charles Perrault <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif, 'Times New Roman'; text-align: justify;">Charles Perrault was a French writer who lived in the second half of XVII century. He was one of the first writers in European literature who turned his eyes to folklore.</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif, 'Times New Roman'; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif, 'Times New Roman'; text-align: justify;">Born in 1628 in a clerical bourgeois family, Perrault received legal education and had high royal office.</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif, 'Times New Roman'; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif, 'Times New Roman'; text-align: justify;">In the second half of XVII century there was a dispute amidst French writers about the advantage of modern writers compared to the writers of antiquity. Charles Perrault played an important role in this dispute, opposing to the genre and thematic limitations of classical literature.</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif, 'Times New Roman'; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif, 'Times New Roman'; text-align: justify;">In 1671 Charles Perrault was elected to the French Academy of Sciences. </span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif, 'Times New Roman'; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif, 'Times New Roman'; text-align: justify;">In Folk Art Perrault found rich stories and images to create new artistic works. He turned to folklore by collecting a number of stories and published them in 1697 under the title "Tales of mother Goose". This collection included eight fairy tales, including "Little Red Riding Hood", "Puss in Boots", "Little Thumb" and "Cinderella." In subsequent editions Perrault added two more stories and a novelette.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times, serif, 'Times New Roman'; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>Fight For Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13885888361675647969noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8417380691526492160.post-70917489376791787712012-10-30T19:54:00.002-07:002012-10-30T19:54:33.101-07:00What is literature for children?<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Defining children’s literature is
unexpectedly tricky. “To begin with, what is a children’s book?" asks F.
Gordon Roe. It is not, it seems, simply a book written for children. Talking of
childhood reading in Victorian times, Roe continues:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Some of the works I shall
mention were not primarily written for children at all. So far from the works
of Scott and Dickens being looked upon as impositions, they were read eagerly
by many juveniles, though some of their elders were doubtful about Mr </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/index.html"><span lang="EN-US">Dickens</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, who
wrote about quite vulgar folk — even pickpockets! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Just as “adult" books like <i>Redgauntlet</i>,
say, or <i>Oliver Twist</i> were appropriated by children, books
written for children reached an adult audience too, and not only through the
business side of things, either. Having been selected by the publisher or his
reader, books were then selected by parents and teachers for individual
children (certainly until the later decades of the century), and often read
aloud to the youngest of those children. Children’s writers have always been
very much aware of the adults reading over children’s shoulders. Then, books
that enthralled in childhood stayed with their readers into adulthood. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/wmt/index.html"><span lang="EN-US">Thackeray</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> explains,
“The boy-critic loves the story: grown up, he loves the author who wrote the
story. Hence the kindly tie is established between writer and reader, and lasts
pretty nearly for life" (“De Juventute"). Thackeray is talking mainly
of Sir Walter Scott here, but he also refers to “Frank" in Maria
Edgeworth’s <i>Moral Tales for Young Children</i> (1801). Perhaps
most importantly, some of the greatest children’s books of the
mid-nineteenth-century onwards seem to have been written, at least
subconsciously, to satisfy the needs of adults. U. C. Knoepflmacher feels that
Thackeray, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/gm/childlit.html%22"><span lang="EN-US">George
MacDonald</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/carroll/index.html"><span lang="EN-US">Lewis Carroll</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, Jean
Ingelow, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/crossetti/index.html"><span lang="EN-US">Christina
Rossetti</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> and </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/genre/childlit/childhood4.html#Ewing’s"><span lang="EN-US">Mrs
Ewing</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">all
owed much toRuskin, explaining that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">The double perspective of child and adult he
had implanted in his 1841 text [</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/ruskin/ruskin8.html"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">The King of the Golden River</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">]
would be perfected in their more complicated fantasies for young readers of
both sexes. By turning to such child readers, these writers tried, as had
Ruskin, to confront their own self-division between adult and child selves. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Books that addressed such a fundamental
psychological dilemma inevitably appealed to adult readers as well as children.
An example here is Rossetti’s </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/crossetti/gobmarket.html"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Goblin Market</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> (1862),
which was quickly perceived to have two levels of meaning for the two distinct
audiences (see Knoepflmacher, Ch. 9).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">The parameters of
children’s literature are blurred in another way. When can this amorphous body
of literature be said to have begun? In the later medieval period, perhaps,
with </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/genre/childlit/hornbooks.html"><span lang="EN-US">hornbooks</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> (which
carried The Lord’s Prayer or sometimes a religious verse), or conduct books for
young courtiers? Or in the sixteenth century, with </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/genre/childlit/chapbooks.html"><span lang="EN-US">chapbooks</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">,
however bawdy and probably forbidden? Chapbooks were still circulating into the
nineteenth century, by which time some were being specifically put out for
children, an interesting proof that children could drive the book market even
then. These cheap popular tales were precursors of the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/genre/childlit/pennydreadfuls.html"><span lang="EN-US">Penny
Dreadfuls</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. Or did children’s literature start, in the same century, with the
publication of the old romance, <i>Sir Bevis of Hampton</i>, which Bunyan
loved as a child? A version of <i>Sir Bevis of Hampton</i> was
published for children in 1846; </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/jefferies/index.html"><span lang="EN-US">Richard
Jefferies’</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> young hero in the children’s classic <i>Wood
Magic</i> (1881) and its sequel Bevis: The Story of a Boy (1882), is
nicknamed “Sir Bevis" as a small child (<i>Wood Magic</i>, Ch. 1). Or did
children’s literature really take off later in the seventeenth century, with </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/genre/childlit/moraltales.html#Janeway’s"><span lang="EN-US">James
Janeway’s</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> <i>A Token for Children</i> and Henry Jessey and Abraham
Chear’s <i>A Looking-Glass for Children</i> (both of which appeared
in 1672)? Some might prefer to point to Bunyan’s much-loved <i>Pilgrim’s
Progress</i> (1678): the preface to Part II (1684), in which Christian’s
wife Christiana and their four sons set out to follow in Christian’s footsteps,
suggests that Bunyan had child readers in mind by now. He went on to write “<i>A
Book for Boys and Girls</i> (later entitled <i>Divine Emblems</i>) in
1686. But the legacy of instructional writing faded in the later Victorian
period, while Britain’s strong </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/genre/childlit/nurseryrhymes.html"><span lang="EN-US">nursery
rhyme</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> tradition proved to be an important influence on future nonsense
writing, so might not the appearance of <i>Tommy Thumb’s Song Book</i> in
1744 mark a better starting point?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Most children’s literature
researchers settle on the two sets of religious tracts published in 1672, for
they set the tone for what Sylvia Kasey Marks describes as the first real
“burst" of writing for children — and a grim, moralistic tone it was too.
The difficulty here is that their legacy did fade. According to Marks herself,
in 1839 this type of writing for children came “full circle" (12) with the
publication of Catherine Sinclair’s </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/genre/childlit/childhood3.html#Holiday House"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="text-decoration: none;">Holiday House</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. Not
everyone would agree with the placing of <i>Holiday House</i> at the
end of that tradition; it can be put instead at the beginning of another. But
at any rate it was clearly pivotal. For by now the whole concept of childhood
was in flux. As one social historian has said, thanks to the "veritable
explosion of information about this period of physiological and cognitive
development in human beings [i.e., childhood]," the material used in the
literary child figure was changing irrevocably, enabling it to function as
"a central vehicle for expressing ideas about the self and its
history" (Steedman 5). Like any new departure, this one "established
itself by publicly annihilating its predecessors. This meant Victorian moralism
generally, and the exemplary children of religious tracts in particular…"
(Keating 219).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Different critics may
choose different books to illustrate this "annihilation," but the
appearance of fantasy probably dealt the fatal blow, with </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/carroll/index.html"><span lang="EN-US">Lewis
Carroll’s</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/genre/childlit/childhood3.html#Alice"><span lang="EN-US">Alice</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> driving
it home: here is a child character unlike any who had gone before, who had
once, we are told, "really frightened her old nurse by shouting suddenly
in her ear, ‘Nurse! Do let’s pretend that I’m a hungry hyaena, and you’re a
bone’" (<i>Through the Looking Glass</i>, 1871, Ch.1). It must be
admitted, however, that this kind of thing gets much of its charge from its
rebellion against the past. In other words, the voices of the earlier moralists
were, in a sense, still being heard (see Bratton 208).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">As regards dating, there is
also the commercial aspect. John Sutherland says that "It was not until
the 1850s that a stable commercial infrastructure for children’s fiction was
established." He would date the enterprise of children’s fiction, as an <i>enterprise</i>,
from the setting up of magazines such as the RTS’s <i>Sunday at Home</i> and
the emergence of ‘name’ novelists such as George E. Sargent whose <i>Roland
Leigh, The Story of a City Arab</i> (1857) pioneered a string of similar
chronicles of ragged but indomitably virtuous heroes. The 1850s also saw the
emergence of Charlotte Maria Tucker (‘ALOE’), the most gifted writer of
children’s fiction to date. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(122-23)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">This overlooks some earlier commercial
successes, such as </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/genre/childlit/moraltales.html#Sherwood’s"><span lang="EN-US">Mrs
Sherwood’s</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, but it is certainly true that sales of
children’s books now became an important part of the publisher’s trade. From
1875 to 1885, for example, the average number of new adult fiction titles
appearing each year was 429, while the figure for "juvenile works"
was 470 (Keating 32). Interestingly (and substantiating my earlier point about
adults reading children’s books), in 1894 the <i>Publisher’s Circular</i> announced
that it would stop counting the juvenile titles separately, because
"so-called juvenile works are nowadays so well written, that often they
suit older readers quite as well as those for whom they are primarily
intended" (qtd. in Keating 32).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Finally, how do we
categorise children’s literature? Can it really be called a genre, when it
includes so many different types of writing for such a wide range of ages, from
toddlers on the brink of comprehension to teenagers on the brink of adulthood?
As the inside front-jacket blurb of the indispensable <i>Oxford Companion
to Children’s Literature</i>, by Humphrey Carpenter and Mari Prichard, puts it:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">The range of literature
covered includes traditional narrative materials such as legends and romances;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/genre/childlit/fairytales.html"><span lang="EN-US">fairy
tales</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">; chapbooks; genres such as school stories, adventure stories, doll
stories, and science fiction;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/genre/childlit/abcbk.html"><span lang="EN-US">ABC</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> and
other learning books; </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/genre/childlit/magazines.html"><span lang="EN-US">children’s
magazines</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, comics and story papers; picture books; teenage novels; children’s
hymns…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">And so on. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/genre/childlit/Aesop.html"><span lang="EN-US">Animal stories</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.victorianweb.org/genre/childlit/nonsense.html"><span lang="EN-US">nonsense
writing</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, poetry and plays are not even mentioned here, though well represented
in the book itself.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-top: 15.3pt; text-indent: 26.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Hard as it is to define,
children’s literature is now recognized as an important field of study, both in
itself and for the insights it yields into literature as a whole — as well as
into the family life, society and thinking of any given period, and the minds
of the many major authors influenced by it. On all counts, it is a fascinating
and rewarding subject.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-top: 15.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-left: 30.65pt; margin-top: 15.3pt; text-indent: -30.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bratton,
J. S. <i>The Impact of Victorian Children’s Fiction</i>. London: Croom
Helm, 1981.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-left: 30.65pt; margin-top: 15.3pt; text-indent: -30.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Carroll,
Lewis. <i>Adventures of Alice in Wonderland & Through the Looking
Glass</i>. London: Heirloom, 1949.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-left: 30.65pt; margin-top: 15.3pt; text-indent: -30.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Jefferies,
Richard. Wood Magic. Cassell, Fetter, Galpin & Co, 1881. Text available </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://ia331327.us.archive.org/3/items/woodmagicfable01jeffiala/woodmagicfable01jeffiala_djvu.txt"><span lang="EN-US">here</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-left: 30.65pt; margin-top: 15.3pt; text-indent: -30.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Keating,
Peter. <i>The Haunted Study</i>. London: Secker & Warburg, 1989.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-left: 30.65pt; margin-top: 15.3pt; text-indent: -30.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Knoepflmacher,
U. C. <i>Ventures in to Childland: Victorians, Fairy Tales, and Femininity</i>.
Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1998.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-left: 30.65pt; margin-top: 15.3pt; text-indent: -30.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Marks,
Sylvia Kasey. <i>Writing For the Rising Generation: British Fiction for
Young People, 1672-1839</i>. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria (ELS
Monograph Series No. 89), 2003.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-left: 30.65pt; margin-top: 15.3pt; text-indent: -30.65pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">The
Oxford Companion to Children’s Literature</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, by Humphrey Carpenter and
Mari Prichard. Oxford & New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1995 impression.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-left: 30.65pt; margin-top: 15.3pt; text-indent: -30.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Carolyn
Steedman. <i>Strange Dislocations: Childhood and the Idea of Human
Interiority, 1780-1930</i>. London: Virago, 1995.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-left: 30.65pt; margin-top: 15.3pt; text-indent: -30.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Sutherland,
John. <i>The Longman Companion to Victorian Fiction</i>. London: Longman,
pbk ed. 1990.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-left: 30.65pt; margin-top: 15.3pt; text-indent: -30.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Thackeray,
William Makepeace. "De Juventute." <i>Roundabout Papers. The
Complete Works</i>. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Vol. 22. New York:
Harrap, 1903. Text available <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext98/rndbt10.txt">here</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
Fight For Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13885888361675647969noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8417380691526492160.post-90698058376697855912012-10-26T19:05:00.003-07:002012-10-26T19:06:17.524-07:00I like this Video <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/BEhd2S5GbUg?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br />Fight For Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13885888361675647969noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8417380691526492160.post-15991179929267411392012-10-26T19:01:00.001-07:002012-10-26T19:01:57.172-07:00An interesting advertisement <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-o7HP7QNmVMw/UItANxbD6YI/AAAAAAAAACY/IPi5MsuvvUQ/s1600/smoking_1374164c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-o7HP7QNmVMw/UItANxbD6YI/AAAAAAAAACY/IPi5MsuvvUQ/s320/smoking_1374164c.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />Fight For Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13885888361675647969noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8417380691526492160.post-66269224330007428692012-10-22T14:58:00.002-07:002012-10-22T14:58:52.875-07:00C-Map!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7H34JRwjroQ/UIXBZEezwHI/AAAAAAAAACI/-n1mFqRpD00/s1600/escrita+1+cmap.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7H34JRwjroQ/UIXBZEezwHI/AAAAAAAAACI/-n1mFqRpD00/s640/escrita+1+cmap.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />Fight For Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13885888361675647969noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8417380691526492160.post-73763499519124494582012-10-07T11:41:00.001-07:002012-10-07T11:41:07.050-07:00Analyzing an Ad<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fffde9; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fffde9; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fffde9; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #646464; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">The product that is being
advertised is Internet. And it was shown on TV a long time ago, as the prize of
this product was $19, 00. In these days it is impossible to get a product like
that with only a few pesos. The AD employs humor and at the same time personal
testimonial. The man, who tells people about his problem with his hair, is
showing others that he will have a solution if they buy that service. In this
AD there is no celebrity making propaganda of the product, instead an ordinary
man is chosen to narrate his own story, and thus the consumer realize that the
product which is being advertised is allowed to standard people.</span><span style="color: #646464; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fffde9; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fffde9; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #646464; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">What really caught my attention
most was the humor that was used, I think that Humor is an exceptional strategy
to get others attention. Personally I really like Arnet´s propagandas as they
are extremely creative and very intelligent when they have to choose a theme to
advertise. They always share a story to be told in front of the public;
although it is not the case they sometimes select different famous people like
actors, singers, etc to perform it.</span><span style="color: #646464; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fffde9; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fffde9; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #646464; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">On the other hand I have to
say that the fact that it is not a true story, some people could find this
advertisement as a joke and not as an incredible promotion. There are many who
prefer buying something which is shown by a famous person than a simple man who
is making you laugh.</span><span style="color: #646464; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fffde9; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #646464; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Personally I love buying
things that are well known, I do not mind spending a lot of money for a
t-shirt, skirt, trousers, shoes. I love shops like LEVI´S, KOSIUKO, MUAA, 47
STREET, because in spite of being a bit expensive, I am completely sure that
the clothes you purchase in those places are good enough that you will not have
any problem after the buy.</span><span style="color: #646464; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fffde9; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fffde9; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #646464; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">In my opinion the best
option is to buy something that costs a bit more but then it will not have any
problems, however there are exceptions, you can find a place that has low
prizes and sells also good things, but they are only a few, I am a great
consumer, I love clothes and spending money.</span><span style="color: #646464; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fffde9; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #646464; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">If I like something and I
have the money with me, I do not doubt any second. </span><span style="color: #646464; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Fight For Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13885888361675647969noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8417380691526492160.post-18937315989879349362012-10-07T11:35:00.002-07:002012-10-07T11:35:29.567-07:00My Video!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwa_L5PTBuSK-I5iCT5nYL0yMOAs2xhQyA_j4CiadqSg4FDGSi3dpq2Qtn_ltRDGP7X8b2K__590NXjnENUfQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br />Fight For Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13885888361675647969noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8417380691526492160.post-32819095647680237032012-10-07T10:56:00.001-07:002012-10-07T10:57:07.585-07:00You are very welcome to my New Blog! <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hi Mates! I decided to create a new blog, here we are going to work together for our beautiful subject LEE 3</span>Fight For Lifehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13885888361675647969noreply@blogger.com0